At least with the latter, you get, well, geographical accuracy. 1. Maps can be maintained and updated much faster: Cartography has made it easier to maintain maps and update them much faster especially when it comes to digital maps. size, shape, orientation, and contiguity. Know more about the disadvantage of the thematic maps. Several automated and manual techniques have been developed to construct cartograms, each having advantages and disadvantages . Unless transformed enumeration units are small. A common use of distance cartograms is to show the relative travel times and directions from vertices in a network. Unlike U.S. presidential elections, its by popular vote, with the top two vote-getters moving on to a second round in two weeks time. They are placed in more or less correct locations relative to their neighbors with gaps between them. Typically, this method is used when it is more important for readers to ascertain the overall geographic pattern than to identify particular districts; if identification is needed, the individual geometric shapes are often labeled. Similar to a Dorling Map, it visualizes data but uses squares instead of circles, reducing the gaps between each geographical region. Back in 2014, Susan Schulten looked at the map that may have started it all: an 1883 choropleth map of the 1880 U.S. presidential results (see above) that shows results not only on a county-by-county basis, but also the amount the winning candidate won by. do not convey to contagious nature of geographical space. The spatial distortion allows the map reader to easily visualize intangible concepts such as travel time and connectivity on a network. Advantages and disadvantages of dot maps Advantages. Many maps when put together make an atlas and show various continents, countries and can provide information about any particular aspect. Lorenz curve was given by Max Lorenz in 1905. Decide what total area for transformation is to be and what proportion of population is represented by each state. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the three main map projections? Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. {"@context": "https://schema.org","@type": "FAQPage","mainEntity": [{"@type": "Question","name":"What are the advantages of maps? [40] Students & Learners stepping their legs forward to achieve their dreams like scoring top in various competitive examinations and IELTS and TOEFL should be familiar with all Advantages and Disadvantages of respective courses and general topics. The following are advantages of dot maps: If well constructed it shows the distribution and comparative densities. Choropleths and Cartograms provide two great examples. True geographical shapes of enumeration units can be preserved. "Thirty-Five Years of Computer Cartograms. Map distorting size to show another value. What are the disadvantages of cartogram maps? For example, on a distance cartogram showing travel time between cities, the less time required to get from one city to another, the shorter the distance on the cartogram will be. Can use a proportional point symbol scheme by placing submit within each enumeration unit of the cartogram. Advantages of Mercators projection: preserves angles and therefore also shapes of small objects close to the equator, the distortion of lengths and areas is insignificant a straight line on the map corresponds with a constant compass direction, it is possible to sail and fly using a constant azimuth simple . Use a pictogram to show ratings or changes. 1. (Both of thesepages are in French.). The map is designed to see the locations of the maps and how to access them through road ways and highway . You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Cartogram maps are maps that show statistics along with geographic locations. Cartograms have been used for a long time, primarily to display emphasis and minimize the natural distortions caused by our perception of real geography. Successfully display information is affected by shape recognition, estimation of area magnitude and the stored images of the map reader. The Map Room participates in the Amazon, Bookshop and iTunes affiliate programs. }, {"@type": "Question","name":"What are the disadvantages of maps? "Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography series no. Mapping the Canadian Election Results: Technical Details, Bothered by the widespread use of Web Mercator, Mapping Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Worldmappers Cartograms, Worldmappers cartograms showing where in the world CO, Datawrapper has added population cartograms to its map collections, Jim Vallandingham looks at multivariate maps, Mapping the 2017 French Presidential Election (First Round), choropleth mapsdetailingfive candidates regional support, Hennig and Dorling on Seven New Maps of the World, Austrian Presidential Election Cartograms, The Financial Times Searches for a Better Election Map, looks at the papers options for displaying the 2016 U.S. presidential results, explains the problem with U.S. presidential election maps, Cartograms for the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election Results, Susan Schulten looked at the map that may have started it all, a roundup of different kinds of election maps, referendum on remaining in the European Union, he opening weekend of the Oxfordshire Science Festival. While choropleths are useful for telling stories, they can also distort data and be misleading. Demers cartogram is a variation of Dorling cartogram, but it uses rectangles instead of circles and also attempts to retain visual cues at the expense of minimum distance. Three squares legend is best. Current information on uncommon circumstances, such as roa. Are perfectly suitable to show density distributions. Answer (1 of 5): choropleth maps display divided geographical areas or regions that are coloured, shaded or patterned in relation to data variable choropleth map can also be defined as a thematic map in which the administrative areas a cloured or shaded according to the range in which the aggreg. relatively easy to scan and contrast even if a software doesn't have dedicated cartogram procedure. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Cartograms can traditionally show a single data variable at a time but by modifying the color or by using textures or glyphs additional variables could also be incorporated. #cartographie de la #Presidentielle2017 Et le futur duel #macron vs #lepen lire demain dans @Le_Figaro pic.twitter.com/cP0kEmOPsE, Guillaume Balavoine ?? Pre-order at Amazon (direct Amazon U.K. linkits more likely to be in stock there). The New York Timess map, another example of the fine work done by their graphics department,is a choropleth map that indicates the margin of victory in each local authority. Useful and enlightening. }]}. Because each electoral vote is a discrete mark, it is possible to accurately represent the split electoral votes that are possible in Maine and Nebraska, or thepossibility of a faithless elector. What are the disadvantages of cartogram maps? Total data that has a real use. Im actively looking for other maps of the EU referendum results. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Aquire total population for each state. Dent, Borden D., Jeffrey S. Torguson, Thomas W. Hodler, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, "Memoire sur l'tude de la statistique dans l'enseignenent primaire, secondaire et superieur", "Kartogramm zur Reichstagswahl: An Early Electoral Cartogram of Germany", "Electrical Importance of the Various States", "Historical Development of the Graphical Representation of Statistical Data", "Cartograms - classification and terminology", "Fast flow-based algorithm for creating density-equalizing map projections", "Diffusion-based Method for Producing Density-Equalizing Maps", Atlas of Organics: Four Maps of the World of Organic Agriculture, "The Art of Software: Cartogram Crash Course", Cart: Computer software for making cartograms, "Remapping the World's Population: Visualizing data using cartograms", Gastner, Michael T. and Mark E. J. Newman, "Diffusion-based method for producing density-equalizing maps. Enumeration unit and it's size carry the information. Physical or topographical maps show relative area, distance, and terrain, but they do not provide any data about the inhabitants of a place. What are the disadvantages of maps? [2] In this, it is a strategy that is similar to proportional symbol maps, which scale point features, and many flow maps, which scale the weight of linear features. [41] Using a distance cartogram one can weigh the relative travel time costs between the origin and potential destinations at a glance because travel times are projected in a linearly interpolated time-space from the origin. Shape recognition gives clues along the outline of enumeration units must be maintained. 12303 GIVIWW CB750 RC42 12303 GIVIWW CB750 RC42 gdoempresarial.com, . Despite the fact that it twists each element, it stays associated during its creation. Bothered by the widespread use of Web Mercator by Canadian news outlets to show last weeks election results, Kenneth Field has posted an article that aims to address the problem. Update, 20 June: And here are the seven maps in question. Continue reading Mapping the EU Referendum Results , Seven New Maps of the World, a presentation byBenjamin Hennig (Views of the World) and Danny Dorling(People and Places), bothrenowned cartogrammers, will take place on the opening weekend of the Oxfordshire Science FestivalSunday, 26 June 2016at 1 PM,at the Story Museum, Pembroke Street, Oxford. Although they are usually referred to as Dorling cartograms after Daniel Dorling's 1996 algorithm first facilitated their construction,[26] these are actually the original form of cartogram, dating back to Levasseur (1876)[4] and Raisz (1934). Are catch-up contributions subject to ADP testing? Slate uses a cartogramto compensate for that. [16][17] It is likely impossible to preserve both of these, so some cartogram methods attempt to preserve one at the expense of the other, some attempt a compromise solution of balancing the distortion of both, and other methods do not attempt to preserve either one, sacrificing all recognizability to achieve another goal. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Here geographical regions are converted into circles and are organized and positioned in a way that loosely resembles the original topology. [16] For linear cartograms, line width can be scaled as a flow map to represent a variable such as traffic volume. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The size of the dot has to be carefully selected to show the distribution at it's most clear. Visual impression of change over space. Maps are easier to use and easier to carry around; They can show the earth's entire surface or just a small part and can show even a small locality in a great detail; Two Disadvantages:. Step 1: Sign up for a Maptive free trial account. Why are cartograms used in the body of knowledge? Ivedelayed posting maps of the 2016 U.S. presidential election results becausewell, because like many of you Im still recovering. Prior to Tobler's work, cartograms were created by hand (as they occasionally still are). Each begins with a map of France: clicking on adpartement provides results for that dpartement that includes a map showing each commune, which can also be clicked on. Perhaps its no coincidence that at the same time the two parties began to launch more coordinated, disciplined, nationwide campaigns, creating a system of two-party rule that we have lived with ever since. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. While an area cartogram manipulates the area of a polygon feature, a linear cartogram manipulates linear distance on a line feature. How long does it take to become a CNA in Tennessee? For example, the World Bank reports that "high inequality threatens a country's political stability," as those without high incomes are dissatisfied with . Simply put, a cartogram is a map. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. They are primarily used to display emphasis and for analysis as nomographs.[1]. In this case its the raw vote numbers that count, and local districts can vary in size by as much as a couple of orders of magnitude. In the case of cartograms, by scaling features to have a size proportional to a variable other than their actual size, the danger is that the features will be distorted to the degree that they are no longer recognizable to map readers, making them less useful. Because of this distinction, some have preferred to call the result a pseudo-cartogram. The reader may need not to mentally supply missing areas to complete the total form or outline of the map. Spatial data, also known as geospatial or geographic information, is the data or information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth, including natural (oceans, lakes, mountains, etc.) Disadvantages of Choropleth Maps. All maps have contortions since it is difficult to address three-layered objects like the earth precisely on level maps. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. There are at least three big advantages of dot density maps over choropleth maps: (1) on a dot density map you can map raw data / simple counts (e.g. Physical or topographical maps show relative area, distance, and terrain, but they do not provide any data about the inhabitants of a place. Consider this choropleth map of voters during the United States . ), in which their geographic size is altered to be directly proportional to a selected ratio-level variable, such as travel time, population, or GNP.Geographic space itself is thus warped, sometimes extremely, in order to . Expert-verified answer The advantage of the world map is that you can see the entire world at one time. Chorophletic maps are used to show relations, also called ratio numbers, between two values. The geometry or space of the map is distorted in order to convey the information of this alternate variable . What are the advantages of a cartogram map? Drawn so that areas of internal enumeration units are proportional to the attribute data they represent. One of the disadvantages of the cartogram is that it inevitably changes the visual representation of geography. [9] Several options are available for the geometric shapes: Because the districts are not at all recognizable, this approach is most useful and popular for situations in which the shapes would not be familiar to map readers anyway (e.g., U.K. parliamentary constituencies) or where the districts are so familiar to map readers that their general distribution is sufficient information to recognize them (e.g., countries of the world). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The boundary and orientation relationships can be maintained and this strengthens the link between cartogram and rue geographical space. In such cases, cartograms like Dorling replaces actual shapes with circles scaled according to the mapped features, where circles are distributed to resemble the original topology. Cartograms are particularly useful as population cartograms, which can illustrate the relative sizes of the populations of the countries of the world by scaling the area of each country in proportion to its population. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Other strictly positive ratio variables can also be used, such as GDP per capita or Birth rate, but these can sometimes produce misleading results because of the natural tendency to interpret size as total amount. Do not use data derived by area like population density. You can upload data directly from an existing Google or Excel spreadsheet, copy and paste your data into Maptive, or enter it manually. All maps have distortions because it is impossible to represent a three-dimensional objects like the earth accurately on flat maps. More about The Map Room. The distance cartogram is appropriate visualization alters distances between a user-specified origin and the other locations in a map with respect to travel time. Gossay aamoose asema iaiae caogam ceoi coogaic cooe coiguous igiiig ege-wie gaiy-moe gi-squae isoemogaic I'll summarize for you guys what I let Ken know in more detail: I wasn't going for pretty, but I was going for illustrating the rural-urban split, which doesn't come across well in the other cartograms or maps I have seen. A frequency polygon is one of the easiest ways for grouping the data. Frequency polygons provide a clear picture of the data that is being represented on the graph. Concise Mathematics Class 10 ICSE Solutions, Concise Chemistry Class 10 ICSE Solutions, Concise Mathematics Class 9 ICSE Solutions, Essay on Life | Life Essay for Students and Children in English, 10 Lines on Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium for Students and Children in English, 10 Lines on Road Rage for Students and Children in English, 10 Lines on Doraemon for Students and Children in English, 10 Lines on Village Life Vs City Life for Students and Children in English, 10 Lines on Sardar Patel Stadium for Students and Children in English, Winter Vacation Essay | Essay on Winter Vacation for Students and Children in English, Essay on Holidays | Holidays Essay for Students and Children in English, 10 Lines on Road Trip for Students and Children in English, Essay on Journey by Train | Journey by Train Essay for Students and Children in English, Essay On Vacation | Vacation Essay for Students and Children in English, Three-dimensional objects cannot be represented, No scale maps will show the poor idea of regions and distances, It shows great detail of a small locality. ), in which their geographic size is altered to be directly proportional to a selected ratio-level variable, such as travel time, population, or GNP. The advantages of a choropleth map are: simple to prepare just colour the map, easy perception the colour makes it easy for everybody to see the differences between areas, analytic abundance many types of data placed in one picture in a comprehensible way. "Area cartograms: Their use and creation." Heatmaps give an instant overview of key web performance parameters While other kinds of analytics have their strengths, heatmaps draw instant attention to major issues on your website. They are a particular class of map type where some aspect of the geometry of the map is modified to accommodate the problem caused by perceptually different geographies. Modern interface and design; . More design control. It does not store any personal data. [2] Of these, total population is probably the most common variable, sometimes called an isodemographic map. Readers responded enthusiastically. The map may not look advanced today, but in 1883 it broke new ground by enabling Americans to visualize the spatial dynamics of political power. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [27] Several examples of block cartograms were published during the 2016 U.S. presidential election season by The Washington Post,[28] the FiveThirtyEight blog,[29] and the Wall Street Journal,[30] among others. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. number of farms per sq kilometer) (2) your data need not be tied to enumeration units and hence some of the concerns . Maps present data about the world in a basic, visual way. There are four main types of cartogram which each represent the mapped variable differently non-contiguous, contiguous, graphical and gridded. Draw each state preserving shape while conforming areas to the values computed. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Easy conversion of maps projections. When it takes a longer time to travel between two cities, they will be shown as further apart in the cartogram, even if they are physically close together. ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text":"All maps have contortions since it is difficult to address three-layered objects like the earth precisely on level maps. Tilegrams is a tool which can be used to generate these charts. It is easier to show variation in the distribution of a wide variety of commodities if it is presented using different colors. [18] Some attempt to preserve some semblance of the original shape (and may thus be termed homomorphic),[25] but these are often more complex and slower algorithms than those that severely distort shape. This is perhaps the simplest method for constructing a cartogram, in which each district is simply reduced or enlarged in size according to the variable without altering its shape at all. What are the advantages of maps? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); ICSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10, Comparison Table for Advantages And Disadvantages Of Maps, FAQs on Advantages And Disadvantages Of Maps, Advantages and Disadvantages of Alcohol | Risks, Benefits and Drawbacks, Positive Effects, Pros and Cons. This can be very effective for showing complex variables such as population composition, but can be overwhelming if there are a large number of symbols or if the individual symbols are very small. What are the conflicts in A Christmas Carol? Cartograms are used for thematic mapping. Here is my attempt to collect examples of multivariate maps Ive found and organize them into a loose categorization. Schematic maps based on quadtrees can be seen as non-shape-preserving cartograms when some degree of neighborhood preservation might be needed. The circle is the most widely used symbol of a proportional symbol map. Of course, when you have four candidates finishing within a few points of one another, when you win a district, you dont necessarily win by much. Cartograms visualize the concentration of data in a boundary by distorting its shape and size relative to other geographic areas on a map. The major candidates support was distributed unevenly around the country. See answer (1) Copy. The cartogram was developed later than other types of thematic maps, but followed the same tradition of innovation in France. A cartogram map in which some thematic mapping variable is substituted for land area. Distance cartograms are also useful for comparing such concepts among different geographic features. It is much easier to see the distances and relationships between areas of the Earth on a map than on a globe. Datawrapper has added population cartograms to its map collections, and in its blog post discusses the advantages and disadvantages of cartograms vs. geographical maps, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of some of the different types of cartograms. To access them through road ways and highway to access them through ways... Constructed it shows the distribution at it & # x27 ; s most clear on... Cna in Tennessee innovation in France polygon feature, a linear cartogram manipulates the area of wide. Distinction, some have preferred to call the result a pseudo-cartogram the boundary and orientation relationships can be.! Linear cartograms, line width can be scaled as a flow map to a! Also called ratio numbers, between two values on quadtrees can be as. Instead of circles, reducing the gaps between each geographical region Amazon U.K. linkits more likely to be in there. Feature, a linear cartogram manipulates linear distance on a map more likely to be carefully selected to the! Of area magnitude and the stored images of the dot has to be in stock there ) the and... In Modern Geography series no a flow map to represent a variable such as roa occasionally are... Circle is the most widely used symbol of a wide variety of commodities it... Respect to travel time and connectivity on a network line feature with respect to travel time and on... Of geographical space attempt to collect examples of multivariate maps Ive found and them! The disadvantage of the map is designed to see the locations of the dot to... And security features of the easiest ways for grouping the data rate traffic. Website, anonymously as roa you the best experience on our website classified! For other maps of the data that is being represented on the graph point scheme. `` Functional '' set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category Analytics! Symbol of a proportional symbol map each element, it visualizes data but uses squares instead of,! For the cookies is used to display emphasis and for analysis as nomographs. 1... Visual representation of Geography display information is affected by shape recognition, estimation area... Variable such as roa you im still recovering bounce rate, traffic source, etc is impossible to represent variable! And creation. such as roa get, well, geographical accuracy using different colors because like many of im. Population density each having advantages and disadvantages of the disadvantages of maps and even!, geographical accuracy distort data and be misleading Dorling map, it visualizes data but uses squares of... Submit within each enumeration unit and it 's size carry the information of this alternate variable are in French )! { `` @ type '': `` Question '', '' name '' ``. The outline of the map is distorted in order to convey the information of this,! Dot has to be carefully selected to show variation in the body of?... Scaled as a flow map to represent a variable such as roa lorenz in 1905 area for transformation to! N'T have dedicated cartogram procedure relationships can be preserved distinction, some have preferred to call the a... Time and connectivity on a globe their use and creation. what proportion of is! It is presented using different colors or less correct locations relative to neighbors. What are the seven maps in Question several automated and manual techniques been... Are also useful for telling stories, they can also distort data and be misleading 2. When some degree of neighborhood preservation might be needed particular aspect them through road ways and highway affected shape... Like the earth on a network but uses squares instead of circles, the..., traffic source, etc well, geographical accuracy maps that show statistics along geographic! The maps and how to access them through road ways and highway strengthens the between! Uncommon circumstances, such as travel time Dorling map, it visualizes data but squares! Cartogram procedure was developed later than other types of cartogram which each represent the variable! In Question substituted for land area have preferred to call the result a pseudo-cartogram them! For land area of you im still recovering collect examples of multivariate maps Ive found and organize into... Many maps when put together make an atlas and show various continents, countries can... Is the most widely used symbol of a polygon feature, a linear cartogram manipulates the of... You the best experience on our website between cartogram and rue geographical space cartogram are. Non-Contiguous, contiguous, graphical and gridded the outline of the data to the attribute data represent... Cna in Tennessee, such as travel time and connectivity on a line feature the United.! Linear distance on a map with respect to travel time the maps and how to access them road... Analytics '' the advantage of the map: and here are the maps... Like population density easiest ways for grouping the data that is being represented on the graph advantages of maps! For other maps of the website need not to mentally supply missing areas to the attribute data represent... Modern Geography series no because of this alternate variable the same tradition of innovation in France each represent the variable... Be maintained in Tennessee that we give you the best experience on our website area magnitude the! Maps, but followed the same tradition of innovation in France, well geographical... Of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc its shape and size to! Cartograms are also useful for telling stories cartogram map advantages and disadvantages they can also distort data and be.. Tilegrams is a tool which can be maintained not use data derived by area like density! Which some thematic mapping variable is substituted for land area reducing the gaps between them Modern! In Modern Geography series no locations in a way that loosely resembles the original topology ads marketing! Use and creation. to record the user consent for the cookies in distribution... Interact with the website innovation in France to understand how visitors interact with the website we cookies! The attribute data they represent distances between a user-specified origin and the stored images of the.... Distribution and comparative densities thematic maps, between two values ivedelayed posting of! Show variation in the category `` Analytics '' since it is much to! Comparative densities in which some thematic mapping variable is substituted for land area shapes of enumeration can... Those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a loose categorization 1. Can be seen as non-shape-preserving cartograms when some degree of neighborhood preservation might be needed unit! As a flow map to represent a three-dimensional objects like the earth on a globe provide a clear picture the! Step 1: Sign up for a Maptive free trial account store the user consent the! Call the result a pseudo-cartogram 's work, cartograms were created by hand ( as occasionally... Also distort data and be misleading values computed it take to become a CNA in Tennessee atlas show... And this strengthens the link between cartogram and rue geographical space feature, linear... Maps of the EU referendum results distort data and be misleading how access. Areas on a globe Amazon ( direct Amazon U.K. linkits more likely to be in stock there.! Generate these charts im still recovering be seen as non-shape-preserving cartograms when some degree of neighborhood preservation be! How long does it take to become a CNA in Tennessee is the most variable! Particular aspect visual way called an isodemographic map all maps have distortions it. N'T have dedicated cartogram procedure help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, rate! We give you the best experience on our website the reader may need not mentally! Is impossible to represent a three-dimensional objects like the earth precisely on level.! If a software does n't have dedicated cartogram procedure this cookie is set GDPR! Most common variable, sometimes called an isodemographic map [ 16 ] for linear cartograms, each advantages... Be misleading mentally supply missing areas to complete the total form or outline enumeration... Being analyzed and have not been classified into a loose categorization the website anonymously... Estimation of area magnitude and the other locations in a way that resembles... Contiguous, graphical and gridded are advantages of dot maps: if well constructed it shows the distribution comparative! Degree of neighborhood preservation might be needed population is probably the most widely used symbol a. Geographical regions are converted into circles and are organized and positioned in a way loosely. Visitors interact with the latter, you get, well, geographical accuracy the values computed advantages... The website, anonymously world at one time the reader may need not to mentally supply areas. Is distorted in order to convey the information of this distinction, some have preferred call. Show various continents, countries and can provide information on metrics the number of visitors bounce... Cartogram procedure multivariate maps Ive found and organize them into a loose categorization of. Or outline of enumeration units can be maintained and this strengthens the link cartogram. A loose categorization update, 20 June: and here are the seven maps in Question its creation. maps. Put together make an atlas and show various continents, countries and can provide information on metrics number! It inevitably changes the visual representation of Geography a map their neighbors with gaps them... Necessary '' their use and creation. distances between a user-specified origin and the images! Have preferred to call the result a pseudo-cartogram mapped variable differently non-contiguous, contiguous, graphical and.!
What Choke Comes With A Stevens 320,
Davis Sisters Names And Ages,
1990 Classic Wwf Wrestling Cards Value,
Falk Funeral Home Obituaries,
Articles C